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  • Learn
    • Mind Map of AI
    • AI/ML Opus - 5 Books
    • ML by Sanjeev Katariya
    • Presentation - AI@Scale
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    • Data, Systems, AI
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  • Mathematical Ontology
    • Mathematics
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  • Scientific Ontology
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  • Humanities Ontology
    • Humanities
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    • By Mathematics
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  • Travel the World
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  • Enjoy
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Sanjeev Katariya

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Empirical Science

Empirical research is research using empirical evidence. It is a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empiricism values such research more than other kinds. Empirical evidence (the record of one's direct observations or experiences) can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively

1. Social Science

Social Science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society.


  • Anthropology
    Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present. Social anthropologyand cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies. Linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans.
    • Sociocultural
      • Art, media, music, dance and film
      • Economic, political economic, applied and development
      • Kinship, feminism, gender and sexuality
      • Medical, nutritional, psychological, cognitive and transpersonal
      • Political and legal
      • Nature, science and technology
      • Historical
      • Religion
      • Urban
      • Biological
    • Archaeological 
      • Anthrozoology
      • Biocultural
      • Evolutionary
      • Forensic
      • Palaeoanthropology
    • Bilogical Anthroplogy
      • Paleoanthropology
      • Human biology
    • Primatology
    • Human behavioral ecology
    • Bioarchaeology
    • Paleopathology
    • Evolutionary psychology
    • Evolutionary biology
    • Linguistic Anthropology
      • Identity
      • Socialization
      • Ideologies
      • Social space
      • Ethnopoetics
  • Communication Studies
    Communication studies or communication sciences is an academic discipline that deals with processes of human communication. There are three types of communication: verbal, involving listening to a person to understand the meaning of a message; written, in which a message is read; and nonverbal communication involving observing a person and inferring meaning. The discipline encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation to mass media outlets such as television broadcasting.
    • Communication studies
    • Cognitive linguistics
    • Conversation analysis
    • Crisis communication
    • Discourse analysis
    • Environmental communication
    • Health communication
    • Interpersonal communication
    • Linguistics
    • Mass communication
    • Mediated cross-border communication
    • Political communication
    • Pragmatics
    • Risk communication
    • Science communication
    • Semiotics
    • Sociolinguistics
    • Type of Communication
      • Intercultural communication
      • International communication
      • Interpersonal communication
      • Intrapersonal communication
      • Mass communication
      • Nonverbal communication
      • Organizational communication
  • Economics
    Economics (/ɛkəˈnɒmɪks, iːkə-/) is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes basic elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, and sellers. Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy (meaning aggregated production, consumption, savings, and investment) and issues affecting it, including unemployment of resources (labour, capital, and land), inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that address these issues (monetary, fiscal, and other policies).
    • Microeconomics
      • Markets
      • Production, cost, and efficiency
      • Specialization
      • Supply and demand
      • Firms
      • Uncertainty and game theory
      • Market failure
      • Public sector
    • Macroeconomics
      • Growth
      • Business cycle
      • Unemployment
      • Inflation and monetary policy
      • Fiscal policy
    • International economics
    • Development economics
  • Education
    Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
    • Formal education
      • Preschool
      • Primary
      • Secondary
      • Tertiary (higher)
      • Vocational
      • Special
    • Other educational forms
      • Alternative
      • Indigenous
      • Informal learning
      • Self-directed learning
      • Open education and electronic technology
    • Educational Theory
      • Educational psychology
      • The intelligence–education relationship
      • Learning modalities
      • Mind, Brain and Education
      • Philosophy
      • Purpose of education
      • Curriculum
      • Instruction
  • Psychology
    Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, including conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought. It is an academic discipline of immense scope and diverse interests that, when taken together, seek an understanding of the emergent properties of brains, and all the variety of epiphenomena they manifest. As a social science it aims to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases.
    • Biological
    • Behavioral
    • Cognitive
    • Social
    • Psychoanalysis
    • Existential-humanistic theories
  • Sociology
    Sociology is the scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture. It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, acceptance, and change or social evolution. Many sociologists aim to conduct research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare, while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes. Subject matter ranges from the micro-sociology level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and the social structure
    • Analytical sociology
    • Applied sociology
    • Architectural sociology
    • Behavioral sociology
    • Chinese sociology
    • Collective behavior
    • Comparative sociology
    • Computational sociology
    • Critical sociology
    • Cultural sociology
    • Digital sociology
    • Dramaturgical sociology
    • Economic sociology
    • Educational sociology
    • Empirical sociology
    • Environmental sociology
    • Evolutionary sociology
    • Feminist sociology
    • Figurational sociology
    • Historical sociology
    • Humanistic sociology
    • Industrial sociology
    • Internet sociology
    • Interpretive sociology
    • Jealousy sociology
    • Macrosociology
    • Marxist sociology
    • Mathematical sociology
    • Medical sociology
    • Mesosociology
    • Microsociology
    • Military sociology
    • Natural resource sociology
    • Phenomenological sociology
    • Policy sociology
    • Polish sociology
    • Political sociology
    • Psychoanalytic sociology
    • Public sociology
    • Pure sociology
    • Rural sociology
    • Social inequality
    • Social psychology (sociology)
    • Sociology of
      • Aging
      • Agriculture
      • Architecture
      • Art
      • Autism
      • Childhood
      • Conflict
      • Culture
      • Cyberspace
      • Deviance
      • Development
      • Disaster
      • Discrimination
      • Education
      • Emotions
      • Fatherhood
      • Finance
      • Food
      • Gender
      • Generations
      • Globalization
      • Government
      • Health and illness
      • Human consciousness
      • Immigration
      • Knowledge
      • Language
      • Law
      • Leisure
      • Literature
      • Markets
      • Marriage
      • Motherhood
      • Music
      • Natural resources
      • Organizations
      • Peace, war, and social conflict
      • Philosophy
      • Punishment
      • Race and ethnic relations
      • Religion
      • Risk
      • Science
      • Scientific knowledge
      • Social change
      • Social movements
      • Sociology
      • Space
      • Sport
      • Technology
      • Terrorism
      • The body
      • The family
      • The history of science
      • The Internet
      • Work
    • Sociography
    • Structural sociology
    • Theoretical sociology
    • Urban sociology
    • Visual sociology
  • Political Science
    Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts and political behavior. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as determining of the distribution of power and resources. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works.
    • Positivism
    • Interpretivism
    • Rational choice theory
    • Behaviouralism
    • Structuralism
    • Post-structuralism
    • Realism
    • Institutionalism
    • Pluralism

2. Natural Science

Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances. Natural science can be divided into two main branches: life science (or biological science) and physical science. Physical science is subdivided into branches, including physics, space science, chemistry, and earth science. These branches of natural science may be further divided into more specialized branches (also known as fields).


  • Physics
    Physics embodies the study of the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces and interactions they exert on one another, and the results produced by these interactions. In general, physics is regarded as the fundamental science, because all other natural sciences use and obey the principles and laws set down by the field. Physics relies heavily on mathematics as the logical framework for formulation and quantification of principles.
    • Astrophysics
      • Astronomy
      • Astrometry
      • Cosmology
      • Gravitation
      • Particle (High energy)
      • Plasma
      • Solar
      • Space
    • Classical
      • Classical Mechanics 
      • Acoustics
      • Optics
      • Thermodynamics
      • Electrodynamics 
    • Modern
      • Nuclear
      • Particle
      • Condensed Matter 
      • Atomic
      • Molecular
      • Relativistic Mechanics
      • Quantum Mechanics
      • Quantum Field Theory
      • Quantum Thermodyanmics
      • Unified Field Theory
    • Theoretical
    • Experimental
    • Mainstream Theories
      • Classical mechanics
      • Continuum mechanics
      • Solid mechanics
      • Mathematical physics
      • Statistical physics
      • Statistical mechanics
      • Condensed matter physics
      • Solid state physics
      • Computational physics
      • Fundamental interaction
      • Weak interaction
      • Electroweak interaction
      • Analog models of gravity
      • Conservation law
      • Conservation of energy
      • Conservation of mass
      • Conservation of momentum
      • Conservation of angular momentum
      • Thermodynamics
      • Laws of thermodynamics
      • Newton's laws of motion
      • Dynamics
      • Dynamo theory
      • Kinetic theory of gases
      • Electromagnetism
      • Field theory
      • Classical field theory
      • Scattering theory
      • Quantum field theory
      • Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
      • Conformal field theory
      • Fluid mechanics
      • Fluid dynamics
      • Information theory
      • Algorithmic information theory
      • Quantum information theory
      • Theoretical computer science
      • Computational complexity theory
      • Quantum complexity theory
      • Theory of relativity
      • General relativity
      • Special relativity
      • Physical cosmology
      • Quantum mechanics
      • Fractional quantum mechanics
      • Relativistic quantum mechanics
      • Quantum dynamics
      • Quantum chromodynamics
      • Quantum computing
      • Quantum electrochemistry
      • Quantum electrodynamics
      • Quantum geometry
      • Quantum chaos
      • Chaos theory
      • Perturbation theory
      • Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
      • Dark matter
      • Cosmological Constant
      • Gravitational constant
      • Standard Model
      • Spontaneous symmetry breaking
    • Proposed Theories
      • Black hole thermodynamics
      • Causal Sets
      • Dark fluid
      • Doubly special relativity
      • Einstein–Rosen Bridge
      • Emergence
      • Hamiltonian mechanics
      • Supervenience
      • Theory of everything
      • Mathematical universe hypothesis
      • Grand unification theory
      • Loop quantum gravity
      • Loop quantum cosmology
      • Quantum gravity
      • Canonical quantum gravity
      • Scale relativity
      • Supersymmetry
      • Supersymmetry breaking
      • Supergravity
      • String theory
      • Superstring theory
      • M-theory
      • Brane cosmology
      • Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis
      • Experimental physics
      • Unparticle physics
      • Digital physics
      • Hidden variable theory
      • Pilot wave theory
      • CPT symmetry
      • Event symmetry
  • Chemistry
    Chemistry
    is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds. Chemistry addresses topics such as how atoms and molecules interact via chemical bonds to form new chemical compounds. There are four types of chemical bonds: covalent bonds, in which compounds share one or more electron(s); ionic bonds, in which a compound donates one or more electrons to another compound to produce ions (cations and anions); hydrogen bonds; and Van der Waals force bonds.
    • Analytical chemistry 
    • Biochemistry 
    • Inorganic chemistry
    • Materials chemistry
    • Neurochemistry
    • Nuclear chemistry
    • Organic chemistry
    • Physical chemistry
    • Theoretical chemistry
    • Agrochemistry 
    • Astrochemistry 
    • Cosmochemistry 
    • Atmospheric chemistry
    • Chemical engineering
    • Chemical biology
    • Chemo-informatics 
    • Electrochemistry
    • Environmental chemistry 
    • Femtochemistry
    • Flavor chemistry
    • Flow chemistry
    • Geochemistry
    • Green chemistry
    • Histochemistry
    • Hydrogenation chemistry
    • Immunochemistry
    • Marine chemistry
    • Materials science
    • Mathematical chemistry 
    • Mechanochemistry
    • Medicinal chemistry
    • Natural product chemistry
    • Organometallic chemistry
    • Petrochemistry
    • Pharmacology
    • Photochemistry
    • Physical organic chemistry
    • Phytochemistry
    • Polymer chemistry
    • Radiochemistry
    • Solid-state chemistry
    • Sonochemistry
    • Supramolecular chemistry
    • Surface chemistry
    • Synthetic chemistry
    • Thermochemistry
  • Earth
    Earth science
    or geoscience is a widely embraced term for the fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. It is the branch of science dealing with the physical constitution of the earth and its atmosphere. Earth science is the study of our planet’s physical characteristics, from earthquakes to raindrops, and floods to fossils. Earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science, but with a much older history. “Earth science” is a broad term that encompasses four main branches of study, each of which is further broken down into more specialized fields.
    • Atmosphere
      • Atmospheric chemistry
      • Geography
      • Hydrometeorology
      • Paleoclimatology
    • Biosphere
      • Biogeochemistry
      • Biogeography
      • Ecology
      • Geoarchaeology
      • Geomicrobiology
      • Paleontology
    • Hydrosphere
      • Hydrology
      • Limnology
      • Oceanography
    • Lithosphere
      • Geology
      • Geography
      • Geochemistry
      • Geomorphology
      • Geophysics
      • Hydrogeology
      • Mineralogy
      • Petrology
      • Speleology
      • Volcanology
    • Pedosphere
      • Geography
    • Systems
      • Earth system science
      • Environmental science
      • Geography
      • Gaia hypothesis
      • Systems ecology
      • Systems geology
  • Space Science
    Space science
    encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that involve space exploration and study natural phenomena and physical bodiesoccurring in outer space, such as space medicine and astrobiology.
    • Astronomy
      • Observational astronomy
      • Astrometry
      • Amateur astronomy
      • Theoretical astronomy
    • Astrophysics
      • Space plasma physics
      • Orbital mechanics
    • Stellar astronomy
      • Solar astronomy
    • Planetary science 
      • Planetary geology
    • Galactic astronomy
    • Extragalactic astronomy
    • Physical cosmology
    • Aerospace engineering
      • Astronautics
      • Aeronautics
  • Biology
    Biology
    is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical composition, function, developmentand evolution. Despite the complexity of the science, there are certain unifying concepts that consolidate it into a single, coherent field. Biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the creation and extinctionof species. Living organisms are open systems that survive by transforming energy and decreasing their local entropy to maintain a stable and vital condition defined as homeostasis
    • Anatomy
      • Comparative anatomy
      • Histology
    • Astrobiology
    • Biochemistry
    • Biological engineering
    • Biogeography
    • Bioinformatics
    • Biolinguistics
    • Biomechanics
    • Biomedical research
    • Biophysics
    • Biotechnology
      • Synthetic biology
    • Botany
      • Phycology
      • Plant physiology
    • Cell biology
    • Chronobiology
    • Cognitive biology
    • Conservation biology
    • Cryobiology
    • Developmental biology
      • Embryology
      • Gerontology
    • Ecology
    • Environmental biology
    • Evolutionary biology
    • Genetics
      • Genomics
      • Epigenetics
    • Immunology
    • Marine biology
    • Microbiology
      • Bacteriology
      • Mycology
      • Parasitology
      • Virology
    • Molecular biology
    • Nanobiology
    • Neurobiology 
    • Neuroscience
    • Paleontology
    • Pathobiology or pathology
    • Pharmacology
    • Physiology
    • Phytopathology
    • Psychobiology
    • Quantum biology
    • Systems biology
    • Structural biology
    • Theoretical biology
    • Zoology
      • Ethology
      • Entomology
      • Herpetology
      • Ichthyology
      • Mammalogy
      • Ornithology

3. Applied Science

Applied science is the application of existing scientific knowledge to practical applications, like technology or inventions. Within natural science, disciplines that are basic science, also called pure science, develop basic information to predict and perhaps explain and understand phenomena in the natural world. Applied science is the use of scientific processes and knowledge as the means to achieve a particular practical or useful result. This includes a broad range of applied science related fields from engineering, business, medicine to early childhood education. Applied science can also apply formal science, such as statistics and probability theory, as in epidemiology. Genetic epidemiology is an applied science applying both biological and statistical methods.


  • Engineering
    Engineering
    is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction, operation and maintenance of structures, machines, materials, devices, systems, processes, and organizations. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics, applied science, and types of application. See glossary of engineering.
    • Chemical engineering
    • Civil engineering
    • Electrical engineering
    • Mechanical engineering
    • Systems engineering 
    • Manufacturing engineering
    •  Acoustical engineering
    • Corrosion engineering
    • Instrumentation and control
    • Aerospace engineering
    • Automotive engineering
    • Computer engineering
    • Electronic engineering
    • Petroleum engineering 
    • Environmental engineering 
    • Systems engineering
    • Audio engineering
    • Software engineering 
    • Architectural engineering 
    • Agricultural engineering 
    • Biosystems engineering
    • Biomedical engineering
    • Geological engineering
    • Textile engineering
    • Industrial engineering
    • Materials engineering
    • Nuclear engineering
    • Robotics
  • Medicine
    Medicine
    is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others
    • Basic Medical Sciences
      • Anatomy
      • Biochemistry
      • Biomechanics
      • Biostatistics
      • Biophysics
      • Cytology
      • Embryology
      • Endocrinology
      • Epidemiology
      • Genetics
      • Histology
      • Immunology
      • Medical physics
      • Microbiology
      • Molecular biology
      • Neuroscience
      • Nutrition science 
      • Pathology as a science 
      • Pharmacology
      • Photobiology
      • Physiology
      • Radiobiology
      • Toxicology
    • Medical Specialties
      • Aerospace medicine
      • Adolescent medicine
      • Allergy and immunology
      • Alternative Medicine
      • Anaesthesiology
      • Andrology
      • Angiology (Vascular medicine)
      • Audiology
      • Beriatric Surgery
      • Cardiology
      • Child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy
      • Cardiothoracic surgery
      • Clinical neurophysiology
      • Clinical Labratory
      • Clinical Physiology
      • Colon and Rectal Surgery
      • Dentistry Science
      • Dermatology
      • Emergency medicine
      • Endocrinology
      • Gastroenterology
      • General practice
      • General surgery
      • Geriatrics
      • Health informatics
      • Hospice and palliative medicine
      • Infectious disease
      • Intensive Care Medicine
      • Internal medicine
      • Interventional radiology
      • Medical Toxicology
      • Music Therapy
      • Nephrology
      • Neurology
      • Neurosurgery
      • Neuroradiology
      • Nuclear medicine
      • Nursing
      • Neonatology
      • Nutrition and Dietetics
      • Obstetrics and gynaecology
      • Occupational medicine
      • Occupational Hygiene
      • Occupational Therapy
      • Occupational Toxicology
      • Oncology
      • Optometry
      • Ophthalmology
      • Orthoptics
      • Orthodontics
      • Orthopaedics
      • Oral and maxillofacial surgery
      • Otorhinolaryngology
      • Otolaryngology
      • Paediatrics
      • Paediatric allergology
      • Paediatric cardiology
      • Paediatric endocrinology and diabetes
      • Paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition
      • Paediatric haematology and oncology
      • Paediatric infectious diseases
      • Paediatric nephrology
      • Paediatric respiratory medicine
      • Paediatric rheumatology
      • Paediatric surgery
      • Pathology
      • Physical medicine and rehabilitation
      • Plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery
      • Pulmonology
      • Physical Therapy
      • Physical Fitness
      • Podiatry
      • Preventative Medicine
      • Psychiatry
      • Psychology
      • Public Health
      • Radiation Oncology
      • Radiology
      • Rheumatology
      • Sports medicine
      • Sleep Medicine
      • Speech Language Pathology
      • Splanchnology
      • Trauma Surgery
      • Urology
      • Vascular surgery
      • Venereology
      • Veterinary Medicine
  • Health
    Health is the ability of a biological system to acquire, convert, allocate, distribute, and utilize energy with maximum efficiency. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined human health in a broader sense in its 1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." This definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value, the ambiguity in developing cohesive health strategies and because of the problem created by use of the word "complete", which makes it practically impossible to achieve. Other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction.
    • Men's health
    • Women's health
    • Youth health
    • Population health
    • Public health
    • Disease burden
    • Health care
    • Health system
    • Human enhancement
    • One Health
    • Healing
    • Environmental health

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